Complete Test 7

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Questions 1 – 11

The United States Constitution makes no provision for the nomination of candidates
for the presidency. As the framers of the Constitution set up the system, the electors would,
out of their own knowledge, select the "wisest and best" as President. But the rise of
political parties altered that system drastically — and with the change came the need for
nominations.
The first method that the parties developed to nominate presidential candidates was
the congressional caucus, a small group of members of Congress. That method was
regularly used in the elections of 1800 to 1824. But its closed character led to its downfall
in the mid-1820's. For the election of 1832, both major parties turned to the national
convention as their nominating device. It has continued to serve them ever since.
With the convention process, the final selection of the President is, for all practical
purposes, narrowed to one of two persons: the Republican or the Democratic party
nominee. Yet there is almost no legal control of that vital process.
The Constitution is silent on the subject of presidential nominations. There is, as well,
almost no statutory law on the matter. The only provisions in federal law have to do with
the financing of conventions. And in each state there is only a small body of laws that deal
with issues related to the convention, such as the choosing of delegates and the manner in
which they may cast their votes. In short, the convention is very largely a creation and a
responsibility of the political parties themselves.
In both the Republican and Democratic parties, the national committee is charged with
making the plans and arrangements for the national convention. As much as a year before
it is held, the committee meets (usually in Washington, D.C.) to set the time and place for
the convention. July has been the favored month; but each party has met in convention as
early as mid-June and also as late as the latter part of August.
Where the convention is held is a matter of prime importance. There must be an
adequate convention hall, sufficient hotel accommodations, plentiful entertainment outlets,
and efficient transportation facilities.



1. Which of the following motivated a
change in the original method of selecting
a President of the United States?
(A) The framers of the Constitution
(B) The rise of the congressional caucus
(C) The emergence of the party system
(D) The establishment of national
conventions

2. When was the congressional caucus
used?
(A) In the early 1800's
(B) During the election of 1832
(C) Throughout the nineteenth century
(D) In several recent elections
3. What can be inferred about why the
congressional caucus system was
terminated?
(A) It was too expensive.
(B) It took too much time.
(C) It did not conform to the Constitution.
(D) It did not include enough citizens.


4. The word "them" in line 10 refers to
(A) conventions
(B) parties
(C) elections
(D) candidates


5. The word "Yet" in line 13 indicates that
what follows is
(A) an unexpected fact
(B) a personal observation
(C) a list
(D) an example


6. The word "vital" in line 13 is closest in
meaning to
(A) extremely important
(B) always accessible
(C) political
(D) optional


7. According to the passage, the only aspect
of political conventions addressed by
federal law involves
(A) organization
(B) choosing delegates
(C) voting procedures
(D) funding


8. In paragraph 4, the author compares
(A) nominations and conventions
(B) finances and the Constitution
(C) delegates and candidates
(D) federal and state laws


9. The words "charged with" in lines 20-21
are closest in meaning to
(A) responsible for
(B) excited about
(C) blamed for
(D) in favor of


10. The passage refers to all of the following
as necessary in the city where the
convention is held EXCEPT
(A) an acceptable meeting place
(B) politically aware citizens
(C) an easy way of traveling around the
city
(D) sufficient amusement opportunities


11. Where in the passage does the author
refer to the original method of selecting a
president?
(A) Lines 2-3
(B) Lines 11-13
(C) Lines 18-19
(D) Lines 20-21





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Questions 12 – 17

Several hundred million years ago, plants similar to modern ferns covered vast
stretches of the land. Some were as large as trees, with giant fronds bunched at the top of
trunks as straight as pillars. Others were the size of bushes and formed thickets of me
undergrowth. Still others lived in the shade of giant club mosses and horsetails along the
edges of swampy lagoons where giant amphibians swam.
A great number of these plants were true ferns, reproducing themselves without fruits
or seeds. Others had only the appearance of ferns. Their leaves had organs of sexual
reproduction and produced seeds. Although their "flowers" did not have corollas these
false ferns (today completely extinct) ushered in the era of flowering plants.
Traces of these flora of the earliest times have been preserved in the form of fossils.
Such traces are most commonly found in shale and sandstone rocks wedged between coal
beds.
Today only tropical forests bear living proof of the ancient greatness of ferns. The
species that grow there are no longer those of the Carboniferous period, but their variety
and vast numbers, and the great size of some, remind us of the time when ferns ruled the
plant kingdom.



12. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Plant reproduction
(B) How to locate fossils
(C) An ancient form of plant life
(D) Tropical plant life


13. The word "others" in line 3 refers to
(A) plants
(B) pillars
(C) trees
(D) fronds


14. Which of the following is NOT mentioned
as a characteristic of the plants described
in the passage?
(A) They once spread over large areas of
land.
(B) They varied greatly in size.
(C) They coexisted with amphibians,
mosses, and horsetails.
(D) They clung to tree trunks and bushes
for support
15. The word "true" in line 6 is closest in
meaning to which of the following?
(A) accurate
(B) genuine
(C) straight
(D) dependable


16. The author states that fossils of early
plant life are usually found in rocks
located between deposits of
(A) coal
(B) shale
(C) sandstone
(D) corollas


17. The word "bear" in line 13 could best be
replaced by which of the following?
(A) call for
(B) provide
(C) tolerate
(D) suffer





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Questions 18 – 28

The economic expansion prompted by the Second World War triggered a spectacular
population boom in the West. Of course, the region was no stranger to population booms.
Throughout much of its history, western settlement had been characterized by spurts,
rather than by a pattern of gradual and steady population growth, beginning with the gold
and silver rushes of the 1850's and 1860's. The decade after the First World War — the
1920's — witnessed another major surge of people pouring into the West, particularly into
urban areas. But the economic depression of the 1930's brought this expansion to a halt;
some of the more sparsely settled parts of the region actually lost population as migrants
sought work in more heavily industrialized areas. By 1941,when the United States entered
the Second World War and began to mobilize, new job opportunities were created in the
western part of the nation.
If the expansion of industries, such as shipbuilding and aircraft manufacturing, was
most striking on the Pacific coast, it also affected interior cities like Denver, Phoenix, and
Salt Lake City. Equally dramatic were the effects of the establishment of aluminum plants
in Oregon and Washington and the burgeoning steel industry in Utah and California. The
flow of people into these areas provided an enormous impetus to the expansion of the
service industries — banks, health care services, and schools. Although strained to the
limit by the influx of newcomers, western communities welcomed the vast reservoir of new
job opportunities. At the same time, the unprecedented expansion of government
installations in the West, such as military bases, created thousands of new civilian
openings. As land had served as a magnet for western migrants in the late nineteenth
century, so wartime mobilization set in motion another major expansion of population.
Indeed, it could be said that the entire western United States became a giant boomtown
during the Second World War. This was especially true of California. Of the more than
eight million people who moved into the West in the decade after 1940, almost one-half
went to the Pacific coast. In fact, between 1940 and 1950, California's population surged
by more than three million people.



18. What is the main point of the passage?
(A) California dominated the economic
growth of the West during the Second
World War.
(B) Industrial growth during the 1940's
attracted large numbers of people to
the West.
(C) The military drew people away from
civilian jobs during the 1940's.
(D) The West experienced gradual and
steady economic growth from 1900 to
1940.
19. The word "triggered" in line 1 is closest in
meaning to
(A) was connected to
(B) generated
(C) interfered with
(D) illuminated

20. Why does the author mention "the gold
and silver rushes of the 1850's and
1860's" in the first paragraph?
(A) As causes of gradual population
growth
(B) As contrasts to later patterns of
population growth
(C) As illustrations of a market economy
(D) As examples of western population
booms


21. Which of the following occurred in the
West during the 1920's?
(A) Gold and silver deposits were
discovered.
(B) The population density gradually
increased.
(C) The population of the cities increased
significantly.
(D) Many military bases were
established.


22. According to the passage, the depression
of the 1930's caused which of the
following?
(A) A lack of population growth in the
West
(B) The building of new suburbs
(C) A creation of more job opportunities
(D) A growth in immigration from abroad


23. Which of the following statements about
the shipbuilding industry is suggested by
the passage?
(A) It came into being during the First
World War.
(B) Many new shipbuilding yards were
established on the Pacific coast
during the 1940's.
(C) Denver was considered to be a poor
location for shipbuilding factories.
(D) Shipbuilding was the dominant
industry in Oregon and Washington.
24. The word "it" in line 13 refers to
(A) expansion
(B) Denver
(C) manufacturing
(D) the Pacific coast


25. The word "enormous" in line 16 is closest
in meaning to
(A) unexpected
(B) immense
(C) adequate
(D) important


26. The passage suggests that
industrialization in the West led to all of
the following EXCEPT
(A) A reduction in the price of land
(B) An increase in school construction
(C) Improved access to doctors
(D) An increase in the number of banks


27. According to the passage, what was one
result of the building of new military bases
in the West in the 1940's?
(A) Military bases in other parts of the
United States were closed.
(B) Many settlers were forced off their
land.
(C) Many civilian jobs were created.
(D) The cost of living rose sharply in
California and other western states.


28. It can be inferred from the passage that
the principal cause of California's
population surge between 1940 and 1950
was
(A) the increased availability of land
(B) people's desire to live in a warm,
coastal climate
(C) the industrial mobilization
necessitated by the Second World
War
(D) overcrowding in urban areas in other
regions of the United States






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Questions 29 – 39

For 150 years scientists have tried to determine the solar constant, the amount of
solar energy that reaches the Earth. Yet, even in the most cloud-free regions of the planet,
the solar constant cannot be measured precisely. Gas molecules and dust particles in the
atmosphere absorb and scatter sunlight and prevent some wavelengths of the light from
ever reaching the ground.
With the advent of satellites, however, scientists have finally been able to measure the
Sun's output without being impeded by the Earth's atmosphere. Solar Max, a satellite from
the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), has been measuring the Sun's
output since February 1980. Although a malfunction in the satellite's control system limited
its observation for a few years, the satellite was repaired in orbit by astronauts from the
space shuttle in 1984. Max's observations indicate that the solar constant is not really
constant after all.
The satellite's instruments have detected frequent, small variations in the Sun's
energy output, generally amounting to no more than 0.05 percent of the Sun's mean
energy output and lasting from a few days to a few weeks. Scientists believe these
fluctuations coincide with the appearance and disappearance of large groups of sunspots
on the Sun's disk. Sunspots are relatively dark regions on the Sun's surface that have
strong magnetic fields and a temperature about 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit cooler than the
rest of the Sun's surface. Particularly large fluctuations in the solar constant have coincided
with sightings of large sunspot groups. In 1980, for example, Solar Max's instruments
registered a 0.3 percent drop in the solar energy reaching the Earth. At that time a sunspot
group covered about 0.6 percent of the solar disk, an area 20 times larger than the Earth's
surface.
Long-term variations in the solar constant are more difficult to determine. Although
Solar Max's data have indicated a slow and steady decline in the Sun's output, some
scientists have thought that the satellite's aging detectors might have become less
sensitive over the years, thus falsely indicating a drop in the solar constant. This possibility
was dismissed, however, by comparing Solar Max's observations with data from a similar
instrument operating on NASA's Nimbus 7 weather satellite since 1978.



29. What does this passage mainly discuss?
(A) The launching of a weather satellite
(B) The components of the Earth's
atmosphere
(C) The measurement of variations in the
solar constant
(D) The interaction of sunlight and air
pollution


30. Why does the author mention "gas" and
"dust" in line 3?
(A) They magnify the solar constant.
(B) They are found in varying
concentrations.
(C) Scientific equipment is ruined by gas
and dust.
(D) They interfere with accurate
measurement of the solar constant.
31. Why is it not possible to measure the
solar constant accurately without a
satellite?
(A) The Earth is too far from the Sun.
(B) Some areas on Earth receive more
solar energy than others.
(C) There is not enough sunlight during
the day.
(D) The Earth's atmosphere interferes
with the sunlight.


32. The word "scatter" in line 4 is closest in
meaning to
(A) emit
(B) capture
(C) transform
(D) disperse


33. The word "its" in line 10 refers to the
(A) orbit
(B) atmosphere
(C) satellite
(D) malfunction


34. The word "detected" in line 13 is closest in
meaning to
(A) estimated
(B) disregarded
(C) registered
(D) predicted


35. According to the passage, scientists
believe variations in the solar constant are
related to
(A) sunspot activity
(B) unusual weather patterns
(C) increased levels of dust
(D) fluctuations in the Earth's
temperature


36. The word "decline" in line 25 is closest in
meaning to
(A) fall
(B) reversal
(C) release
(D) fluctuation


37. Why did scientists think that Solar Max
might be giving unreliable information?
(A) Solar Max did not work for the first
few years.
(B) The space shuttle could not fix Solar
Max's instruments.
(C) Solar Max's instruments were getting
old.
(D) Nimbus 7 interfered with Solar Max's
detectors.


38. The phrase "This possibility" in line 27
refers to the likelihood that the
(A) solar constant has declined
(B) Nimbus 7 satellite is older than Solar
Max
(C) solar constant cannot be measured
(D) instruments are providing inaccurate
data


39. The attempt to describe the solar constant
can best be described as
(A) an ongoing research effort
(B) an issue that has been resolved
(C) a question that can never be
answered
(D) historically interesting, but irrelevant
to contemporary concerns





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Questions 40 – 50

Even before the turn of the century, movies began to develop in two major directions:
the realistic and the formalistic. Realism and formalism are merely general, rather than
absolute, terms. When used to suggest a tendency toward either polarity, such labels can
be helpful, but in the end they are still just labels. Few films are exclusively formalist in
style, and fewer yet are completely realist. There is also an important difference between
realism and reality, although this distinction is often forgotten. Realism is a particular style,
whereas physical reality is the source of all the raw materials of film, both realistic and
formalistic. Virtually all movie directors go to the photographable world for their subject
matter, but what they do with this material — how they shape and manipulate it —
determines their stylistic emphasis.
Generally speaking, realistic films attempt to reproduce the surface of concrete reality
with a minimum of distortion. In photographing objects and events, the filmmaker tries to
suggest the copiousness of life itself. Both realist and formalist film directors must select
(and hence emphasize) certain details from the chaotic sprawl of reality. But the
element of selectivity in realistic films is less obvious. Realists, in short, try to preserve the
illusion that their film world is unmanipulated, an objective mirror of the actual world.
Formalists, on the other hand, make no such pretense. They deliberately stylize and distort
their raw materials so that only the very naive would mistake a manipulated image of an
object or event for the real thing.
We rarely notice the style in a realistic movie; the artist tends to be self-effacing. Some
filmmakers are more concerned with what is being shown than how it is manipulated. The
camera is used conservatively. It is essentially a recording mechanism that reproduces the
surface of tangible objects with as little commentary as possible. A high premium is placed
on simplicity, spontaneity, and directness. This is not to suggest that these movies lack
artistry, however, for at its best the realistic cinema specializes in art that conceals art.



40. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Acting styles
(B) Film plots
(C) Styles of filmmaking
(D) Filmmaking 100 years ago


41. With which of the following statements
would the author be most likely to agree?
(A) Realism and formalism are outdated
terms.
(B) Most films are neither exclusively
realistic nor formalistic.
(C) Realistic films are more popular than
formalistic ones.
(D) Formalistic films are less artistic than
realistic ones. 42. The phrase "this distinction" in line 6
refers to the difference between
(A) formalists and realists
(B) realism and reality
(C) general and absolute
(D) physical reality and raw materials


43. Whom does the author say is primarily
responsible for the style of a film?
(A) The director
(B) The actors
(C) The producer
(D) The camera operator


44. The word "shape" in line 9 is closest in
meaning to
(A) specify
(B) form
(C) understand
(D) achieve


45. The word "preserve" in line 15 is closest
in meaning to
(A) encourage
(B) maintain
(C) reflect
(D) attain


46. The word 'They" in line 17 refers to
(A) films
(B) realists
(C) formalists
(D) raw materials


47. How can one recognize the formalist
style?
(A) It uses familiar images.
(B) It is very impersonal.
(C) It obviously manipulates images.
(D) It mirrors the actual world.


48. The word "tangible" in line 23 is closest in
meaning to
(A) concrete
(B) complex
(C) various
(D) comprehensible


49. Which of the following terms is NOT used
to describe realism in filmmaking?
(A) Simple
(B) Spontaneous
(C) Self-effacing
(D) Exaggerated


50. Which of the following films would most
likely use a realist style?
(A) A travel documentary
(B) A science fiction film
(C) A musical drama
(D) An animated cartoon


Number Answers (JUST SUGGESTED)
1 C
2 A
3 D
4 B
5 A
6 A
7 D
8 D
9 A
10 B
11 A
12 C
13 A
14 D
15 B
16 A
17 B
18 B
19 B
20 D
21 C
22 A
23 B
24 A
25 B
26 A
27 C
28 C
29 C
30 D
31 D
32 D
33 C
34 C
35 A
36 A
37 C
38 D
39 A
40 C 41 B
42 B
43 A
44 B
45 B
46 C
47 C
48 A
49 D
50 A